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In blockchain technology, Asynchronous refers to the characteristic where nodes in a network can receive messages and execute operations at different times without waiting for other operations to complete. In asynchronous systems, time delays are unbounded and message delivery has no definite time guarantees, contrasting with synchronous systems that require operations to execute in fixed order or simultaneously.

Backlog refers to the queue of transactions that have been submitted to a blockchain network but are yet to be confirmed and included in blocks. This concept represents the relationship between a blockchain's processing capacity and real-time transaction demand, typically manifesting during network congestion as an increase in pending transactions, resulting in longer confirmation times and higher fees.