gate Research Institute: Web3 Cross-Chain Interaction Service Overview - Mainstream protocol, innovation trends, and challenges

The latest report from the Gate Research Institute, "A Comprehensive Look at Web3 Cross-Chain Services: Leading Protocols, Innovations, and Challenges", systematically reviews the technical paths, key participants, competitive landscape, and future development directions of current Web3 cross-chain services. The report analyzes the core differences of mainstream cross-chain protocols in interoperability, asset circulation, cross-chain security, and details cutting-edge trends such as chain abstraction, intent-driven, AI integration, presenting a panoramic view and evolutionary logic of the cross-chain track for project parties and industry practitioners.

Key Points Summary:

• The essence and business logic of cross-chain services: Cross-chain protocol is the core infrastructure that bridges the barriers of assets, data, and applications between chains, and is a key hub for building the interconnected Web3 multi-chain ecosystem. Current cross-chain services mainly focus on asset bridging and message transmission. While improving cross-chain efficiency and security, they are also gradually exploring more complex on-chain collaboration and cross-chain combination innovation.
• Current Situation and Market Distribution: Currently, the market has formed a pattern where the three mainstream standard protocols of LayerZero, Wormhole, and Axelar coexist. Among them, LayerZero, relying on extensive ecosystem integration and lightweight architecture, occupies the first-mover advantage. Wormhole accelerates breaking barriers with cross-ecosystem asset bridges and open network standards, while Axelar focuses on deep cultivation in the B-end market with full-stack services and compliance capabilities.
• Evolution of Technical Mode and Exploration of Differences: Cross-chain services have evolved from simple asset bridges to full-stack infrastructure with multi-chain message passing, cross-chain contract invocation, and chain abstraction capabilities. LayerZero builds flexible channels based on light nodes and end-user verification models, Wormhole creates an open interconnected ecosystem based on Guardian Network and standardized APIs, Axelar focuses on cross-chain security routing and decentralized governance, gradually enhancing cross-chain data and compliant asset transfer capabilities.
• Security Mechanism, User Experience, and Economic Design: Cross-chain services need to seek a dynamic balance between security, user experience, and transaction fee efficiency. LayerZero enhances security through trustless external observers and end-user verification mechanisms, while Wormhole strengthens cross-chain asset and message verification standardization and introduces an additional security council. Axelar, on the other hand, reduces systemic risks by relying on decentralized validation networks and full-stack governance.
• Future Trends and Development Directions: With the prosperity of multi-chain ecosystems and the upgrade of cross-chain demand, cross-chain services will gradually evolve from simple asset bridges to fully interconnected networks. Leading protocols strengthen technical standardization and ecological synergy advantages, while chain abstraction and intent-driven approaches gradually reduce the threshold for cross-chain interaction. New technologies such as AI Agent and privacy computing accelerate the extension of cross-chain capabilities.

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Gate.io March 13, 2025